ANSC 53500 or BMS 52800
Avian Physiology


May 2, 2001

Avian Physiology
ANSC 535 or BMS 528
Exam # 4

I. Multiple choice. Circle the one best answer (5 points per question for a total of 45 points).

  1. A one-cell zygote is formed in the

    1. magnum
    2. uterus
    3. vagina
    4. isthmus
    5. infundibulum

  2. When an incubating parent leaves the nest or artificial incubation is interrupted, the incubating egg is cooled. What effect does cooling have on avian embryogenesis?

    1. the incubation period is prolonged
    2. embryos are extremely susceptible to cooling resulting in death
    3. there is no effect on embryogenesis
    4. respiration is impaired
    5. acid-base balance is perturbed

  3. The major reason for high mortality in unturned incubating eggs is because

    1. the toxic metabolic waste product of uric acid cannot be effectively excreted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)
    2. the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) fails to fold around the viscous albumen, thus blocking gas exchange between the CAM and the pores of the shell
    3. the developmental growth of the heart is impaired leading to cardiac arrest
    4. calcium is not mobilized from the shell resulting in the development of rickets
    5. of interference in water loss from the developing embryo through the pores of the shell

  4. Which one of the following is not a change in the egg or composition of the egg as incubation progresses?

    1. albumen supplies are diminished
    2. yolk supplies are diminished
    3. incubating eggs gain weight as the embryo becomes larger in size
    4. water is lost from the egg via evaporation through the pores of the shell
    5. none of the above

  5. The notochord of a chick embryo eventually leads to the development of the

    1. heart
    2. lungs
    3. mesoderm
    4. vitelline circulation
    5. axial skeleton

  6. Hatchlings with closed eyes, with little to no down development, and incapable of locomotion are categorized as

    1. altricial
    2. semi-precocial
    3. precocial
    4. poikilothermic
    5. homeothermic

  7. The endoderm of the embryo eventually forms the

    1. respiratory system
    2. skeleton system
    3. feathers
    4. reproductive organs
    5. parts of the eye

  8. Respiratory function at the earliest stages of embryogenesis (e.g., 1 to 8 days of incubation in the chick embryo) is performed by the

    1. chorioallantois membrane (CAM)
    2. area vasculosa
    3. lungs
    4. a and b
    5. all of the above

  9. The purpose of the amnionic sac is to

    1. serve as protection and absorb any shocks that the embryo may encounter during embryogenesis
    2. provide a source of energy for the developing embryo
    3. provide a source of calcium for the skeleton system of the developing embryo
    4. provide a source of pigmentation for the developing eye
    5. provide the sex steroid hormones needed for sex differentiation by day five of development in the chick embryo

 

II. Short answers:

  1. When is the sex of the embryo determined and which parent is responsible for determining the sex of the embryo in birds? (6 points)

  2. Explain why an embryo may not hatch successfully if its head is at the small end of the egg? (8 points)

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