ANSC 53500 or BMS 52800
Avian Physiology


February 28, 2001

Avian Physiology
ANSC 535 or BMS 528
Exam # 2

I. Multiple choice. Circle the one best answer (5 points per question for a total of 100 points).

  1. Fibroelastic walls are most prevalent in the

    1. vena cava
    2. aorta
    3. renal artery
    4. renal vein
    5. interlobular artery

  2. An example of a vasodilator is

    1. histamine
    2. angiotensin I
    3. angiotensin II
    4. catecholamines
    5. serotonin

  3. Heart rate is most influenced by

    1. sympathetic nerves
    2. parasympathetic nerves
    3. the catecholamines from the adrenal medulla
    4. vagus innervation of the sino-atrial node
    5. all of the above because each have equal influence on heart rate

  4. The enzyme responsible for converting fibrinogen into fibrin is

    1. thromboplastin
    2. Factor X
    3. prothrombin
    4. thrombin
    5. amylase

  5. The avian equivalent to the mammalian neutrophil is the

    1. heterophil
    2. eosinophil
    3. basophil
    4. lymphocyte
    5. monocyte

  6. Which one of the following constituents would most likely not be found in plasma?

    1. water
    2. sodium
    3. protein
    4. lipids
    5. hemoglobin

  7. Which one of the following constituents would likely not be found in the filtrate of a healthy nephron at the level of Bowman's capsule:

    1. amino acids
    2. poylpeptide protein
    3. glucose
    4. electrolytes
    5. uric acid

  8. The most hyperosmotic filtrate is found in the

    1. hairpen bend of the loop of Henle
    2. descending loop of Henle
    3. ascending loop of Henle
    4. proximal convoluted tubules
    5. distal convoluted tubules

  9. The control center for appetite control is found in the

    1. medulla of the brain adjacent to the cardioinhibitory center
    2. hypothalamus
    3. anterior pituitary
    4. posterior pituitary
    5. gut

  10. This enzyme is synthesized and released in the gizzard:

    1. pepsin
    2. amylase
    3. chymotrypsin
    4. trypsin
    5. none of the above

  11. Which one of the following enzymes is not responsible for carbohydrate catabolism or breakdown?

    1. amylase
    2. maltase
    3. sucrase
    4. trypsin
    5. isomaltase

  12. Following absorption of nutrients from the epithelial membrane of the enterocytes of the intestines into the capillaries within the villi, the majority of nutrients are:

    1. dumped into the lymphatic system
    2. distributed immediately to all cells of the body for metabolism
    3. taken to the kidney through the renal portal system
    4. taken to the liver through the hepatic portal system
    5. taken to the heart so that the nutrient laden blood can be distributed to all of the body parts

  13. The sodium dependent hexose transporter (SGLUT-1) is found in the

    1. Goblet cells
    2. enterocytes
    3. enteroendocrine cells
    4. chief cells
    5. microvilli

  14. Prolactin is

    1. responsible for converting Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
    2. a powerful vasoconstrictor
    3. a powerful vasodialator
    4. responsible for preventing back flow of blood in the veins
    5. involved in stimulating crop milk production in pigeons and doves

  15. Which one of the following digestive hormones is responsible for stimulating the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the duodenum in response to acidic chyme?

    1. secretin
    2. cholecystokinin
    3. vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
    4. gastrin
    5. glucagon

  16. Gas exchange in the respiratory tract occurs in the

    1. lungs, specifically the parabronchial apparatus
    2. abdominal air sacs
    3. anterior air sacs
    4. at the bifurcation of the trachea into the two bronchial tubes
    5. all of the above because gas exchange occurs at all levels of the respiratory tract

  17. The voice box of the bird is called the

    1. pharynx
    2. larynx
    3. syrinx
    4. median slit
    5. Meckel's diverticulum

  18. The air capillaries of the lungs branch from the

    1. intrapulmonary primary bronchus
    2. parabronchus
    3. secondary bronchus
    4. air sacs
    5. pneumatic bones

  19. The liver is the sight of

    1. carbohydrate metabolism
    2. fat transformation, specifically VLDL assembly
    3. bile synthesis
    4. detoxification of harmful metabolites
    5. all of the above

  20. The saliva of the swift can be used to
    1. build nests
    2. influence the character of the voice
    3. feed their young (called "bird’s nest soup")
    4. break down proteins
    5. all of the above

 

II. Short answers:

  1. Using Poiseuille's equation, describe the difference in blood flow between:

    Flow = (Pressure difference) x r2 x p
                  8 X length x viscosity

    1. an arteriole vs. an artery (5 points)
    2. the abdominal aorta and the renal artery (5 points)
    3. birds raised at sea level vs. high altitudes (5 points).

  2. Explain why renin would be released from the kidney. (10 points)

  3. Because birds have air sacs, they are able to fly at high altitudes. Why? Please provide a detailed response. (10 points).

  4. Why do birds that consume a lot of fermented berries have wet feces? (10 points)

  5. What is the purpose of "pellet egestion" in the Great Horned Owl? (10 points)

  6. Identify five differences between avian and mammalian digestion. You may include both anatomical and physiological differences. (10 points)

  7. How can an albatross fly for hours, even days, without flapping its wings? (5 points).

  8. Do birds urinate? Why or why not? (10 points)

  9. Draw a diagram or picture showing the difference between a very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (10 points).

  10. Using the diagram of the avian heart, identify in each of the 4 steps (labeled 1, 2, 3, & 4) whether diastole or systole is occurring (8 points). Circle the two atrioventricular valves (2 points).

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