ANSC 53500 or BMS 52800
Avian Physiology

January 31, 2001

Exam #1
ANSC 535 or BMS 517
Avian Physiology
 

I. Multiple choice: Select the one best answer. Circle the letter of the correct answer (6 points per multiple choice questions for a total of 96 points).

1. Melanin can be found in

   1. the myelin sheath
   2. white feathers
   3. pigmented epithelium of the retina
   4. sensory retina
   5. all of the above

2. That part of long bone responsible for elongation and growth that disappears at puberty is called the

   1. epiphysis
   2. physis
   3. diaphysis
   4. articular cartilage
   5. cortical bone

3. Bone is composed of

   1. melanin
   2. hydroxyapatite
   3. pecten
   4. calmodulin
   5. accessory lobes of Lachi

4. An example of a contractile protein in skeletal muscle is

   1. calmodulin
   2. troponin
   3. melanin
   4. keratin
   5. collagen

5. That part of the vertebrae from which parasympathetic nerves are derived from is the

   1. cranial or cervical
   2. thoracic
   3. lumbar
   4. sacral or caudal
   5. a and d

6. That part of the neuron that utilizes calcium to stimulate the release of a neurotransmitter is the

   1. perikaryon
   2. dendrites
   3. bulbous terminus or bouton
   4. nodes of Ranvier
   5. axon

7. That part of the brain that is responsible for proprioception, visceral organ control, respiration, and cardiovascular activity is the

   1. cerebellum
   2. cerebrum
   3. optic tectum
   4. medulla or lower brain stem
   5. thalamus

8. The outer must membrane covering the myocyte is the

   1. neurilemma
   2. sarcolemma
   3. transverse tubules
   4. triad of the reticulum
   5. heavy meromysin heads

9. The major neurotransmitter released by post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers is

   1. acetylcholine
   2. epinephrine
   3. GABA
   4. adrenaline
   5. norepinephrine

10. Fovea of the eye are located in the

    1. choroid
    2. pectin
    3. sclera
    4. sensory retina
    5. zonule fibers

11. That part of the eye responsible for draining off excess or old intraocular fluid (aqueous humor) is the

    1. annular sinus venosus sclera
    2. ciliary body
    3. uvea
    4. fibrous tunic
    5. cuboidal epithelium

12. Another name for the wishbone of the avian skeleton is the

    1. coracoid
    2. clavicle
    3. keel
    4. scapula
    5. maxilla

13. White fibers as opposed to red fibers of muscle

    1. contain a large quantity of myoglobin and cytochrome
    2. have abundant mitochondria and lipid gobules
    3. are adapted for brief bursts of activity and anaerobic glycolysis
    4. are adapted for long flights such as in migration
    5. have abundant blood supply and are capable of greater aerobic metabolism

14. The tectorial membrane is found in the

    1. cochlear duct
    2. lagena
    3. macula saccula
    4. macula utriculi
    5. ampullary crest

15. The gravity receptor is located in the

    1. ampullary crest
    2. utricle
    3. saccule
    4. scala media
    5. basilar papilla

16. During the resting or polarized state of a neuron, the most abundant extracelluar ion is

    1. Na⁺
    2. Cl ^-
    3. Ca⁺⁺
    4. K⁺
    5. Concentrations are equal among ions resulting in a 0 mv resting potential

II. Provide short answers. (10 points each unless otherwise indicated)

1. Describe the anatomical similarities and differences between the spinal cord and the brain (12 points).

2. Name four examples of skeletal integrity problems in domesticated poultry. Select one of the skeletal integrity problems that you have listed and describe in more detail.

3. Describe how the ciliary body of the eye can allow a bird to visualize an object close up (near vision).

4. Describe how a neuron may become hyperpolarized. What is the end result?

5. How are the muscle cells of the heart different from either skeletal or smooth muscle. (Provide at least four descriptive properties of cardiac muscle, 12 points).

6. Provide examples of birds on how they can detect odors (smell).

7. Describe the activity of Na⁺-K⁺-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) during the recovery phase of the propagation of a nerve impulse. Be specific.

8. Using the diagram of the inner ear, circle the ampullary crests (6 points). Place a triangle around the lagena (2 points). Gray in the area that represents the utricle (2 points).

9. Using the diagram of a bird brain, place a triangle around the medulla or lower brain stem (3 points). Place a rectangle or square around the olfactory lobes (3 points). Gray in the area that represents the optic tectum (3 points). What kinds of nerves are innervating the brain (1 point)?

10. How is a kinocilium activated to initiate a nerve impulse?

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